This essay explores the position of virtue relative to where two extreme vices stand. First, I will explain why virtue is the maximization, rather than a means. I will then counter by expounding why virtue is the mean between two vices. In this context, “mean” will refer to a midpoint between the two extremes.
Virtue ethics focuses on the maximization of excellence; in other words, certain qualities that are regarded as superior. For instance, if one were to focus on the intellectual virtue of scientific knowledge, they would likely try to expand their understanding as much as possible, rather than attempting to carefully balance their level of comprehension between ignorance and omniscience. When regarding virtues of character, it may be argued that pursuing the maximum of a trait would be detrimental, and that a moderate amount of such would likely provide the most benefit. However, it should also be noted that such a perspective would be subjective, as different individuals and cultures would have dissimilar standards when judging certain qualities. Therefore, what is “moderate” or the mean between two extremes to one group may be considered excessive to another. While Aristotle argues that virtue may be found between two vices, the fact that virtue theory hinges on the specific circumstance in question may mean that in certain situations, an extreme may be the most virtuous course of action.
Nonetheless, it should be noted that as excellence requires a balanced, comprehensive understanding, and focusing on pursuing mastery of one subject often leads to a singular focus on one field, at the expense of neglecting others. For instance, a man renowned for his athletic prowess but never attained any type of education could not be considered truly excellent; perhaps competent in his chosen field, but not excellent overall. Through this reasoning, virtue would indeed require moderation; rather than learning nothing or concentrating exclusively on one topic, one must hold a general understanding of a plethora of matters. Moreover, there are clear instances where virtues are, in fact, the mean between two extremes. For instance, in the case of ambition, it would be held between the qualities of indolence and greed or hubris. Another classic case would be courage, pinpointed between cowardice and recklessness. While some may argue that courage leans more toward recklessness, a mean is, as stated before, a midpoint between two extremes and not necessarily the mathematical median between the two vices.
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